Our comprehensive system ecosystem spans from initial specification to part number generation, considering specifications or field requirements alongside the integration of supplementary optical/electrical coupling devices.

We are proficient in a range of technologies encompassing PDH to SONET/SDH, MPLS-TP, or hybrid TDM/IP systems, enabling us to define, analyze, or project solutions based on leading platform manufacturers' offerings.

Backed by our field experience, meticulously documented in application papers, we have a proven track record of effectively evaluating both TDM and packet platforms to cater to critical operations such as protection services, as well as non-operational traffic such as billing data sourced from energy meters and intranet services.

For decades, a legacy application has underpinned the communication infrastructure supporting power systems. This application continues to be prevalent in the market, serving as the primary communication pathway in some instances and emerging as a highly dependable backup channel for optical networks.

In the United States, the application is predominantly utilized for single-tone teleprotection communication, while in other parts of the world, it is employed for transmitting multiple teleprotection tones alongside voice and data (both Serial and IP formats).

Initially, the original systems were implemented using Single Side Band (SSB) Modulation. Presently, hybrid platforms have evolved, combining analog teleprotection tones with digital modulation such as Adaptive Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (AQAM) for compressed voice and data transmission.

In situations where traditional wired communication channels like optical fibers or Power Line Carrier (PLC) are unavailable, or when the implementation of a backup substation data channel is essential, the licensed or unlicensed radio spectrum stands out as a practical alternative for ensuring the smooth flow of information.

Having a comprehensive understanding of how telecommunication systems can effectively support protection applications is paramount. The design, procurement, testing, and implementation of Teleprotection systems play a pivotal role in ensuring the accurate performance of power transmission lines.

Within the broader concept of "protection," the main schemes implemented in power systems can be categorized, starting with legacy line protection:

• Impedance/Distance protection Scheme: This scheme utilizes Teleprotection as the communication interface.

• • Teleprotection: Serving as the crucial link between the “two worlds” of Protection and Communication, the Teleprotection application adheres to the standards outlined in IEC 60834-1.

• Current differential protection: This scheme involves a direct interface with the Multiplexer to facilitate the exchange of current measurements from both ends of the line, thereby executing the protection function based on this parameter.

Nowadays, this application trend to use Teleprotection (end to end) over GOOSE using GOOSE enabled teleprotection that allows a dual implementation of wired/GOOSE trips or GOOSE to wire / wire to GOOSE as well.

In the growing implementation of Digital Substations, the aspect of timing and synchronization emerges as a crucial parameter. The coordination of all protection mechanisms necessitates precise and accurate timing references. While traditional systems relied on IRIG-B for timing, the shift towards IP-based digitalization has propelled the adoption of IP references through protocols like NTP and more recently PTP for enhanced accuracy.

In essence, the evolution of timing applications has transitioned from millisecond resolutions to double-digit nanosecond precision, a capability offered by PTP that is standardized across various profiles:

• Power Profile IEEE C37.238-2011, C37.238-2017

• Utility Profile IEC61850-9-3

• Telecom Profile G.8265.1, G.8275.1

Our portfolio features premium solutions tailored to accommodate the diverse architectures of end users, ensuring optimal timing and synchronization capabilities in Digital Substation environments.

As IP technology increasingly replaces single wire signals within various elements of a substation, communication switches have become integral in facilitating the exchange of Sample Values (SV), Timing signals (PTP/NTP), 61850 control signals (GOOSE), as well as supporting Monitoring and Control systems (MMS) alongside maintenance and operational functions. Consequently, the demands placed on communication switches extend beyond traditional IP communication requirements.

Our portfolio offers industrial-grade switched platforms that are specifically designed to meet and exceed these critical demands. These platforms not only cover the essential features mentioned but also provide a robust solution for a wide array of operational needs within modern substation environments.

Please feel free to reach out to us without any hesitation or directly to our distributed products manufacturer for additional information and support. We are here to assist you and look forward to helping in any way we can. Your inquiries are valuable to us, and we are more than happy to provide the information and support you need.